The Four Defences

Book 639: Murder Room

by J.J. Connington

Genres: Mystery; Traditional Mysteries

Synopsis

An unidentified body is found in a blazing car. A man in the locality is missing. But the corpse in the car is not that of the missing man, though someone has made an uncommonly thorough job of faking it to seem so. And just because his unknown opponent had gone to such lengths to prevent an investigation going further, Detective Mark Brand aka The Counsellor's 'satiable curiosity' is up ... 'As a maker of watertight puzzles Mr Connington has no superior' Daily Mail

Release date: November 28, 2013

Publisher: Orion

Print pages: 240

Sample

 

by

Curtis Evans

 

 

 

During the Golden Age of the detective novel, in the 1920s and 1930s, J. J. Connington
stood with fellow crime writers R. Austin Freeman, Cecil John Charles
Street and Freeman Wills Crofts as the foremost practitioner in
British mystery fiction of the science of pure detection. I use the
word ‘science’ advisedly, for the man behind J. J.
Connington, Alfred Walter Stewart, was an esteemed Scottish-born
scientist. A ‘small, unassuming, moustached polymath’, Stewart
was ‘a strikingly effective lecturer with an excellent sense of
humour, fertile imagination and fantastically retentive memory’,
qualities that also served him well in his fiction. He held the Chair of Chemistry at Queens University, Belfast for twenty-five years, from 1919 until his retirement in 1944.

During roughly this period, the busy Professor Stewart found time to author a remarkable apocalyptic science fiction tale, Nordenholt’s
Million (1923), a mainstream novel, Almighty Gold (1924), a collection of essays, Alias J. J. Connington (1947), and, between 1926 and 1947, twenty-four mysteries (all but
one tales of detection), many of them sterling examples of the Golden Age puzzle-oriented detective novel at its considerable best. ‘For those who ask first of all in a detective story for
exact and mathematical accuracy in the construction of the plot’, avowed a contemporary London Daily Mail reviewer, ‘there is no author to equal the distinguished scientist who
writes under the name of J. J. Connington.’1

Alfred Stewart’s background as a man of science is reflected in his fiction, not only in the impressive puzzle plot mechanics he devised for his mysteries but in his choices of themes and
depictions of characters. Along with Stanley Nordenholt of Nordenholt’s Million, a novel about a plutocrat’s pitiless efforts to preserve a ruthlessly remolded remnant of human
life after a global environmental calamity, Stewart’s most notable character is Chief Constable Sir Clinton Driffield, the detective in seventeen of the twenty-four Connington crime novels.
Driffield is one of crime fiction’s most highhanded investigators, occasionally taking on the functions of judge and jury as well as chief of police.

Absent from Stewart’s fiction is the hail-fellow-well-met quality found in John Street’s works or the religious ethos suffusing those of Freeman Wills Crofts, not to mention the
effervescent novel-of-manners style of the British Golden Age Crime Queens Dorothy L. Sayers, Margery Allingham and Ngaio Marsh. Instead we see an often disdainful cynicism about the human animal
and a marked admiration for detached supermen with superior intellects. For this reason, reading a Connington novel can be a challenging experience for modern readers inculcated in gentler social
beliefs. Yet Alfred Stewart produced a classic apocalyptic science fiction tale in Nordenholt’s Million (justly dubbed ‘exciting and terrifying reading’ by the
Spectator) as well as superb detective novels boasting well-wrought puzzles, bracing characterization and an occasional leavening of dry humour. Not long after Stewart’s death in
1947, the Connington novels fell entirely out of print. The recent embrace of Stewart’s fiction by Orion’s Murder Room imprint is a welcome event indeed, correcting as it does over
sixty years of underserved neglect of an accomplished genre writer.

Born in Glasgow on 5 September 1880, Alfred Stewart had significant exposure to religion in his earlier life. His father was William Stewart, longtime Professor of Divinity and Biblical
Criticism at Glasgow University, and he married Lily Coats, a daughter of the Reverend Jervis Coats and member of one of Scotland’s preeminent Baptist families. Religious sensibility is
entirely absent from the Connington corpus, however. A confirmed secularist, Stewart once referred to one of his wife’s brothers, the Reverend William Holms Coats (1881–1954), principal
of the Scottish Baptist College, as his ‘mental and spiritual antithesis’, bemusedly adding: ‘It’s quite an education to see what one would look like if one were turned into
one’s mirror-image.’

Stewart’s J. J. Connington pseudonym was derived from a nineteenth-century Oxford Professor of Latin and translator of Horace, indicating that Stewart’s literary interests lay not in
pietistic writing but rather in the pre-Christian classics (‘I prefer the Odyssey to Paradise Lost,’ the author once avowed). Possessing an inquisitive and expansive
mind, Stewart was in fact an uncommonly well-read individual, freely ranging over a variety of literary genres. His deep immersion in French literature and supernatural horror fiction, for example,
is documented in his lively correspondence with the noted horologist Rupert Thomas Gould.2

It thus is not surprising that in the 1920s the intellectually restless Stewart, having achieved a distinguished middle age as a highly regarded man of science, decided to apply his creative
energy to a new endeavour, the writing of fiction. After several years he settled, like other gifted men and women of his generation, on the wildly popular mystery genre. Stewart was modest about
his accomplishments in this particular field of light fiction, telling Rupert Gould later in life that ‘I write these things [what Stewart called tec yarns] because they amuse me in parts
when I am putting them together and because they are the only writings of mine that the public will look at. Also, in a minor degree, because I like to think some people get pleasure out of
them.’ No doubt Stewart’s single most impressive literary accomplishment is Nordenholt’s Million, yet in their time the two dozen J. J. Connington mysteries did indeed
give readers in Great Britain, the United States and other countries much diversionary reading pleasure. Today these works constitute an estimable addition to British crime fiction.

After his ’prentice pastiche mystery, Death at Swaythling Court (1926), a rural English country-house tale set in the highly traditional village of Fernhurst Parva, Stewart
published another, superior country-house affair, The Dangerfield Talisman (1926), a novel about the baffling theft of a precious family heirloom, an ancient, jewel-encrusted armlet. This
clever, murderless tale, which likely is the one that the author told Rupert Gould he wrote in under six weeks, was praised in The Bookman as ‘continuously exciting and
interesting’ and in the New York Times Book Review as ‘ingeniously fitted together and, what is more, written with a deal of real literary charm’. Despite its virtues,
however, The Dangerfield Talisman is not fully characteristic of mature Connington detective fiction. The author needed a memorable series sleuth, more representative of his own forceful
personality.

It was the next year, 1927, that saw J. J. Connington make his break to the front of the murdermongerer’s pack with a third country-house mystery, Murder in the Maze, wherein
debuted as the author’s great series detective the assertive and acerbic Sir Clinton Driffield, along with Sir Clinton’s neighbour and ‘Watson’, the more genial (if much less
astute) Squire Wendover. In this much-praised novel, Stewart’s detective duo confronts some truly diabolical doings, including slayings by means of curare-tipped darts in the double-centered
hedge maze at a country estate, Whistlefield. No less a fan of the genre than T. S. Eliot praised Murder in the Maze for its construction (‘we are provided early in the story with
all the clues which guide the detective’) and its liveliness (‘The very idea of murder in a box-hedge labyrinth does the author great credit, and he makes full use of its
possibilities’). The delighted Eliot concluded that Murder in the Maze was ‘a really first-rate detective story’. For his part, the critic H. C. Harwood declared in
The Outlook that with the publication of Murder in the Maze Connington demanded and deserved ‘comparison with the masters’. ‘Buy, borrow, or – anyhow
– get hold of it’, he amusingly advised. Two decades later, in his 1946 critical essay ‘The Grandest Game in the World’, the great locked-room detective novelist John
Dickson Carr echoed Eliot’s assessment of the novel’s virtuoso setting, writing: ‘These 1920s [. . .] thronged with sheer brains. What would be one of the best possible settings
for violent death? J. J. Connington found the answer, with Murder in the Maze.’ Certainly in retrospect Murder in the Maze stands as one of the finest English country-house
mysteries of the 1920s, cleverly yet fairly clued, imaginatively detailed and often grimly suspenseful. As the great American true-crime writer Edmund Lester Pearson noted in his review of
Murder in the Maze in The Outlook, this Connington novel had everything that one could desire in a detective story: ‘A shrubbery maze, a hot day, and somebody potting at you
with an air gun loaded with darts covered with a deadly South-American arrow-poison – there is a situation to wheedle two dollars out of anybody’s pocket.’3

Staying with what had worked so well for him to date, Stewart the same year produced yet another country-house mystery, Tragedy at Ravensthorpe, an ingenious tale of murders and thefts
at the ancestral home of the Chacewaters, old family friends of Sir Clinton Driffield. There is much clever matter in Ravensthorpe. Especially fascinating is the author’s inspired
integration of faerie folklore into his plot. Stewart, who had a lifelong – though skeptical – interest in paranormal phenomena, probably was inspired in this instance by the recent
hubbub over the Cottingly Faeries photographs that in the early 1920s had famously duped, among other individuals, Arthur Conan Doyle.4 As with
Murder in the Maze, critics raved about this new Connington mystery. In the Spectator, for example, a reviewer hailed Tragedy at Ravensthorpe in the strongest
terms, declaring of the novel: ‘This is more than a good detective tale. Alike in plot, characterization, and literary style, it is a work of art.’

In 1928 there appeared two additional Sir Clinton Driffield detective novels, Mystery at Lynden Sands and The Case with Nine Solutions. Once again there was great praise for
the latest Conningtons. H. C. Harwood, the critic who had so much admired Murder in the Maze, opined of Mystery at Lynden Sands that it ‘may just fail of
being the detective story of the century’, while in the United States author and book reviewer Frederic F. Van de Water expressed nearly as high an opinion of The Case with Nine
Solutions. ‘This book is a thoroughbred of a distinguished lineage that runs back to “The Gold Bug” of [Edgar Allan] Poe,’ he avowed. ‘It represents the highest
type of detective fiction.’ In both of these Connington novels, Stewart moved away from his customary country-house milieu, setting Lynden Sands at a fashionable beach resort and
Nine Solutions at a scientific research institute. Nine Solutions is of particular interest today, I think, for its relatively frank sexual subject matter and its modern urban
setting among science professionals, which rather resembles the locales found in P. D. James’ classic detective novels A Mind to Murder (1963) and Shroud for a Nightingale
(1971).

By the end of the 1920s, J. J. Connington’s critical reputation had achieved enviable heights indeed. At this time Stewart became one of the charter members of the Detection
Club, an assemblage of the finest writers of British detective fiction that included, among other distinguished individuals, Agatha Christie, Dorothy L. Sayers and G. K. Chesterton. Certainly
Victor Gollancz, the British publisher of the J. J. Connington mysteries, did not stint praise for the author, informing readers that ‘J. J. Connington is now established as, in the opinion
of many, the greatest living master of the story of pure detection. He is one of those who, discarding all the superfluities, has made of deductive fiction a genuine minor art, with its own laws
and its own conventions.’

Such warm praise for J. J. Connington makes it all the more surprising that at this juncture the esteemed author tinkered with his successful formula by dispensing with his original series
detective. In the fifth Clinton Driffield detective novel, Nemesis at Raynham Parva (1929), Alfred Walter Stewart, rather like Arthur Conan Doyle before him, seemed with a dramatic
dénouement to have devised his popular series detective’s permanent exit from the fictional stage (read it and see for yourself). The next two Connington detective novels, The Eye
in the Museum (1929) and The Two Tickets Puzzle (1930), have a different series detective, Superintendent Ross, a rather dull dog of a policeman. While both these mysteries are
competently done – the railway material in The Two Tickets Puzzle is particularly effective and should have appeal today – the presence of Sir Clinton Driffield (no superfluity
he!) is missed.

Probably Stewart detected that the public minded the absence of the brilliant and biting Sir Clinton, for the Chief Constable – accompanied, naturally, by his friend Squire Wendover
– triumphantly returned in 1931 in The Boathouse Riddle, another well-constructed criminous country-house affair. Later in the year came The Sweepstake Murders, which boasts
the perennially popular tontine multiple-murder plot, in this case a rapid succession of puzzling suspicious deaths afflicting the members of a sweepstake syndicate that has just won nearly £250,000.5 Adding piquancy to this plot is the fact that Wendover is one of the imperiled syndicate members. Altogether the novel is, as the late Jacques
Barzun and his colleague Wendell Hertig Taylor put it in A Catalogue of Crime (1971, 1989), their magisterial survey of detective fiction, ‘one of Connington’s best
conceptions’.

Stewart’s productivity as a fiction writer slowed in the 1930s, so that, barring the year 1938, at most only one new Connington appeared annually. However, in 1932 Stewart produced one of
the best Connington mysteries, The Castleford Conundrum. A classic country-house detective novel, Castleford introduces to readers Stewart’s most delightfully unpleasant set of
greedy relations and one of his most deserving murderees, Winifred Castleford. Stewart also fashions a wonderfully rich puzzle plot, full of meaty material clues for the reader’s delectation.
Castleford presented critics with no conundrum over its quality. ‘In The Castleford Conundrum Mr Connington goes to work like an accomplished chess player. The moves in the
games his detectives are called on to play are a delight to watch,’ raved the reviewer for the Sunday Times, adding that ‘the clues would have rejoiced Mr. Holmes’
heart.’ For its part, the Spectator concurred in the Sunday Times’ assessment of the novel’s masterfully constructed plot: ‘Few detective stories show such
sound reasoning as that by which the Chief Constable brings the crime home to the culprit.’ Additionally, E. C. Bentley, much admired himself as the author of the landmark detective novel
Trent’s Last Case, took time to praise Connington’s purely literary virtues, noting: ‘Mr Connington has never written better, or drawn characters more full of
life.’

With Tom Tiddler’s Island in 1933 Stewart produced a different sort of Connington, a criminal-gang mystery in the rather more breathless style of such hugely popular English
thriller writers as Sapper, Sax Rohmer, John Buchan and Edgar Wallace (in violation of the strict detective fiction rules of Ronald Knox, there is even a secret passage in the novel). Detailing the
startling discoveries made by a newlywed couple honeymooning on a remote Scottish island, Tom Tiddler’s Island is an atmospheric and entertaining tale, though it is not as mentally
stimulating for armchair sleuths as Stewart’s true detective novels. The title, incidentally, refers to an ancient British children’s game, ‘Tom Tiddler’s Ground’, in
which one child tries to hold a height against other children.

After his fictional Scottish excursion into thrillerdom, Stewart returned the next year to his English country-house roots with The Ha-Ha Case (1934), his last masterwork in this
classic mystery setting (for elucidation of non-British readers, a ha-ha is a sunken wall, placed so as to delineate property boundaries while not obstructing views). Although The Ha-Ha Case
is not set in Scotland, Stewart drew inspiration for the novel from a notorious Scottish true crime, the 1893 Ardlamont murder case. From the facts of the Ardlamont affair Stewart drew several of
the key characters in The Ha-Ha Case, as well as the circumstances of the novel’s murder (a shooting ‘accident’ while hunting), though he added complications that take
the tale in a new direction.6

In newspaper reviews both Dorothy L. Sayers and ‘Francis Iles’ (crime novelist Anthony Berkeley Cox) highly praised this latest mystery by ‘The Clever Mr Connington’, as
he was now dubbed on book jackets by his new English publisher, Hodder & Stoughton. Sayers particularly noted the effective characterisation in The Ha-Ha Case: ‘There is no need
to say that Mr Connington has given us a sound and interesting plot, very carefully and ingeniously worked out. In addition, there are the three portraits of the three brothers, cleverly and rather
subtly characterised, of the [governess], and of Inspector Hinton, whose admirable qualities are counteracted by that besetting sin of the man who has made his own way: a jealousy of delegating
responsibility.’ The reviewer for the Times Literary Supplement detected signs that the sardonic Sir Clinton Driffield had begun mellowing with age: ‘Those who have never
really liked Sir Clinton’s perhaps excessively soldierly manner will be surprised to find that he makes his discovery not only by the pure light of intelligence, but partly as a reward for
amiability and tact, qualities in which the Inspector [Hinton] was strikingly deficient.’ This is true enough, although the classic Sir Clinton emerges a number of times in the novel, as in
his subtly sarcastic recurrent backhanded praise of Inspector Hinton: ‘He writes a first class report.’

Clinton Driffield returned the next year in the detective novel In Whose Dim Shadow (1935), a tale set in a recently erected English suburb, the denizens of which seem to have committed
an impressive number of indiscretions, including sexual ones. The intriguing title of the British edition of the novel is drawn from a poem by the British historian Thomas Babington Macaulay:
‘Those trees in whose dim shadow/The ghastly priest doth reign/The priest who slew the slayer/And shall himself be slain.’ Stewart’s puzzle plot in In Whose Dim Shadow is
well clued and compelling, the kicker of a closing paragraph is a classic of its kind and, additionally, the author paints some excellent character portraits. I fully concur with the Sunday
Times’ assessment of the tale: ‘Quiet domestic murder, full of the neatest detective points [. . .] These are not the detective’s stock figures, but fully realised human
beings.’ 7

Uncharacteristically for Stewart, nearly twenty months elapsed between the publication of In Whose Dim Shadow and his next book, A Minor Operation (1937). The reason for the
author’s delay in production was the onset in 1935–36 of the afflictions of cataracts and heart disease (Stewart ultimately succumbed to heart disease in 1947). Despite these grave
health complications, Stewart in late 1936 was able to complete A Minor Operation, a first-rate Clinton Driffield story of murder and a most baffling disappearance. A Times Literary
Supplement reviewer found that A Minor Operation treated the reader ‘to exactly the right mixture of mystification and clue’ and that, in addition to its impressive
construction, the novel boasted ‘character-drawing above the average’ for a detective novel.

Alfred Stewart’s final eight mysteries, which appeared between 1938 and 1947, the year of the author’s death, are, on the whole, a somewhat weaker group of tales than the sixteen
that appeared between 1926 and 1937, yet they are not without interest. In 1938 Stewart for the last time managed to publish two detective novels, Truth Comes Limping and For Murder
Will Speak (also published as Murder Will Speak). The latter tale is much the superior of the two, having an interesting suburban setting and a bevy of female characters found to have motives when a contemptible philandering
businessman meets with foul play. Sexual neurosis plays a major role in For Murder Will Speak, the ever-thorough Stewart obviously having made a study of the subject when writing the
novel. The somewhat squeamish reviewer for Scribner’s Magazine considered the subject matter of For Murder Will Speak ‘rather unsavoury at times’, yet
this individual conceded that the novel nevertheless made ‘first-class reading for those who enjoy a good puzzle intricately worked out’. ‘Judge Lynch’ in the Saturday
Review apparently had no such moral reservations about the latest Clinton Driffield murder case, avowing simply of the novel: ‘They don’t come any better’.

Over the next couple of years Stewart again sent Sir Clinton Driffield temporarily packing, replacing him with a new series detective, a brash radio personality named Mark Brand, in The
Counsellor (1939) and The Four Defences (1940). The better of these two novels is The Four Defences, which Stewart based on another notorious British true-crime case, the
Alfred Rouse blazing-car murder. (Rouse is believed to have fabricated his death by murdering an unknown man, placing the dead man’s body in his car and setting the car on fire, in the hope
that the murdered man’s body would be taken for his.) Though admittedly a thinly characterised academic exercise in ratiocination, Stewart’s Four Defences surely is also one of
the most complexly plotted Golden Age detective novels and should delight devotees of classical detection. Taking the Rouse blazing-car affair as his theme, Stewart composes from it a stunning set
of diabolically ingenious criminal variations. ‘This is in the cold-blooded category which [. . .] excites a crossword puzzle kind of interest,’ the reviewer for the Times Literary
Supplement acutely noted of the novel. ‘Nothing in the Rouse case would prepare you for these complications upon complications [. . .] What they prove is that Mr Connington has the power
of penetrating into the puzzle-corner of the brain. He leaves it dazedly wondering whether in the records of actual crime there can be any dark deed to equal this in its planned
convolutions.’

Sir Clinton Driffield returned to action in the remaining four detective novels in the Connington oeuvre, The Twenty-One Clues (1941), No Past is Dead (1942),
Jack-in-the-Box (1944) and Commonsense is All You Need (1947), all of which were written as Stewart’s heart disease steadily worsened and reflect to some extent his
diminishing physical and mental energy. Although The Twenty-One Clues was inspired by the notorious Hall-Mills double murder case – probably the most publicised murder case in the
United States in the 1920s – and the American critic and novelist Anthony Boucher commended Jack-in-the-Box, I believe the best of these later mysteries is No Past Is Dead,
which Stewart partly based on a bizarre French true-crime affair, the 1891 Achet-Lepine murder case.8 Besides providing an interesting background for the
tale, the ailing author managed some virtuoso plot twists, of the sort most associated today with that ingenious Golden Age Queen of Crime, Agatha Christie.

What Stewart with characteristic bluntness referred to as ‘my complete crack-up’ forced his retirement from Queen’s University in 1944. ‘I am afraid,’ Stewart wrote
a friend, the chemist and forensic scientist F. Gerald Tryhorn, in August 1946, eleven months before his death, ‘that I shall never be much use again. Very stupidly, I tried for a session to
combine a full course of lecturing with angina pectoris; and ended up by establishing that the two are immiscible.’ He added that since retiring in 1944, he had been physically ‘limited
to my house, since even a fifty-yard crawl brings on the usual cramps’. Stewart completed his essay collection and a final novel before he died at his study desk in his Belfast home on 1 July
1947,. . .