Trieste

by Daša Drndic, Daša Drndic

Genres: Literary Fiction

Synopsis

“Splendid and absorbing . . . [Drndic] is writing to witness, and to make the pain stick . . . These dense and satisfying pages capture the crowdedness of memory.” — New York Times Book Review Haya Tedeschi sits alone in Gorizia, in northeastern Italy, surrounded by a basket of photographs and newspaper clippings. Now an old woman, she waits to be reunited after sixty-two years with her son, fathered by an SS officer and stolen from her by the German authorities as part of Himmler’s clandestine Lebensborn project. Haya reflects on her Catholicized Jewish family’s experiences, in a narrative that deals unsparingly with the massacre of Italian Jews in the concentration camps of Trieste. Her obsessive search for her son leads her to photographs, maps, and fragments of verse, to testimonies from the Nuremberg trials and interviews with second-generation Jews, and to eyewitness accounts of atrocities that took place on her doorstep. From this broad collage of material and memory arises the staggering chronicle of Nazi occupation in northern Italy. “Although this is fiction, it is also a deeply researched historical documentary . . . It is a masterpiece.” — A. N. Wilson, Financial Times “A book of events that have made the last century infamous for the ages, a book that, if it moves you as it moved me, you will have to set down now and then, to breathe." — Alan Cheuse, NPR

Release date: April 26, 2012

Publisher: Quercus Publishing

Print pages: 432

Sample

For sixty-two years she has been waiting.

She sits and rocks by a tall window in a room on the third floor of an Austro-Hungarian building in the old part of Old Gorizia. The rocking chair is old and, as she rocks, it whimpers.

Is that the chair whimpering or is it me? she asks the deep emptiness, which, like every emptiness, spreads its putrid cloak in all directions to draw her in, her, the woman rocking, to swallow her, blanket her, swamp her, envelop her, ready her for the rubbish heap where the emptiness, her emptiness, is piling the corpses, already stiffened, of the past. She sits in front of her old-fashioned darkened window, her breathing shallow, halting (as if she were sobbing, but she isn’t) and at first she tries to get rid of the stench of stale air around her, waving her hand as if shooing away flies, then to her face, as if splashing it or brushing cobwebs from her lashes. Foul breath (whose? whose?) fills the room, rising to a raging torrent and she knows she must arrange the pebbles around her gravestone, now, just in case, in case he doesn’t come, in case he does, after she has been expecting him for sixty-two years.

He will come.

I will come.

She hears voices where there are none. Her voices are dead. All the same, she converses with the voices of the dead, she quibbles with them, sometimes she slumps limply into their arms and they whisper to her and guide her through landscapes she has forgotten. There are times when events boil over in her mind and then her thoughts become an avenue of statues, granite, marble, stone statues, plaster figures that do nothing but move their lips and tremble. This must be borne. Without the voices she is alone, trapped in her own skull that grows softer and more vulnerable by the day, like the skull of a newborn, in which her brain, already somewhat mummified, pulses wearily in the murky liquid, slowly, like her heart; after all, everything is diminishing. Her eyes are small and fill readily with tears. She summons non-existent voices, the voices that have left her, summons them to replenish her abandonment.

By her feet there is a big red basket, reaching to her knees. From the basket she takes out her life and hangs it on the imaginary clothes line of reality. She takes out letters, some of them more than a hundred years old, photographs, postcards, newspaper clippings, magazines, and leafs through them, she thumbs through the pile of lifeless paper and then sorts it yet again, this time on the floor, or on the desk by the window. She arranges her existence. She is the embodiment of her ancestors, her kin, her faith, the cities and towns where she has lived, her time, fat sweeping time like one of those gigantic cakes which master chefs of the little towns of Mitteleuropa bake for popular festivities on squares, and then she takes it and she swallows it and hoards it, walls herself in, and all of that now rots and decomposes inside her.

She is wildly calm. She listens to a sermon for dirty ears and drapes herself in the histories of others, here in the spacious room in the old building at Via Aprica 47, in Gorica, known as Gorizia in Italian, Görz in German, and Gurize in the Friulian dialect, in a miniature cosmos at the foot of the Alps, where the River Isonzo, or Soča, joins the River Vipava, at the borders of fallen empires.

Her story is a small one, one of innumerable stories about encounters, about the traces preserved of human contact. She knows this, just as she knows that Earth can slumber until all these stories of the world are arranged in a vast cosmic patchwork which will wrap around it. And until then history, reality’s phantom, will continue to unravel, chop, take to pieces, snatch patches of the universe and sew them into its own death shroud. She knows that without her story the job will be incomplete, just as she knows that there is no end, that the end reaches on to eternity, beyond existence. She knows that the end is madness, as Umberto Saba once told her while he was in hospital here, in Gorizia, in Dr Basaglia’s ward perhaps, or maybe it was in Trieste with Dr Weiss. She knows that the end is a dream from which there is no waking. And the shortcuts she takes, the quickest ways to get from one place to the next, are often nearly impassable, truly goats’ paths. These shortcuts may stir her nostalgia for those long, straight, rectilinear, provincial roads, also something Umberto Saba told her then, so she sweeps away the underbrush of her memory now, memories for which she cannot say whether they even sank to the threshold of memory, or are still in the present, set aside, stored, tucked away. It is along these overgrown shortcuts that she walks. She knows there is no such thing as coincidence; there is no such thing as the famous brick which falls on a person’s head; there are links – and resolve – of which we seem to be unaware, for which we search.

She sits and rocks, her silence is unbearable.

It is Monday, 3 July, 2006.

HURRY UP PLEASE IT’S TIME

Her name is Haya Tedeschi. She was born on 9 February, 1923, in Gorizia. Her documents state that she was baptized on 8 April of that same year, in 1923, by Father Aldo Boschin who, of course, she does not remember, just as she has no memory of her godmother, Margherita Collenz. There is also a baptism celebrated by Don Carlo Baubela. Baubela is a German name. She meets Don Carlo Baubela in the autumn of 1944 when he is already old and hunched over and, spreading the fragrance of incense and tobacco with his half-frozen, trembling hands, he gives his blessing. Gorizia is a charming little town. There have been interesting histories in Gorizia, little family histories, like this one of hers. She never met many of the members of her family. She has never even heard of quite a few of them. Her mother’s and her father’s families are large. There are, there were, families in Gorizia with tangled stories, but their stories do not matter, despite the way history has been trailing them along with it for centuries, just as rapids sweep along broken branches wrenched free of the shore, and the carcasses of livestock, their bellies bloated, cows, their eyes glassy, tailless rats, corpses with their throats slit, and suicides. There were no suicides in her family. Or if there were, no-one ever spoke of them to her.

There were several well-known people who lived in Gorizia and committed suicide. Many people passed through Gorizia on the run. Some stayed, some were taken away. Of these some were Jews, some were Gentiles. Of these, some were poets, philosophers and painters. Women and men. The most famous person to commit suicide in Gorizia was Carlo Michelstaedter.

Her mother’s name was Ada Baar …

It took her years to assemble the information from which she tailored her mangled family tree and learned who was what to whom. For a long time now she has had no-one to ask. Those who remain are few, and their memories are blotted, full of gaps, covered with the black stamps of oblivion or contention and like little islands engulfed in towering flames – they shimmer, elusive. The dead voices of her ancestors shudder, whimper, well up from the corners of the room, from the floor, the ceiling, they creep in through the Venetian blinds and hum history just beyond her reach.

She has no idea what her ancestors looked like. There is no proof. Nothing remains.









Her family rattle on the bottom of the trough (of her memory). Today the limbs, her family’s branches, are so jumbled, so dislocated, it is impossible to settle on their whereabouts. The organs of her family are strewn all over. The lives of her ancestors matter less and less for her story, however, for her wait.

Her grandfather was born in Görz. Her mother was born in Görz. She was born in Gorizia/Gorica. When the Great War broke out, they began moving, living in many places. She doesn’t know what Görz was, nor does she know what Gorizia is now though she has been here nearly sixty years. She takes walks along Gorizia’s streets, but hers are brief forays, quick walks, walks with a purpose, jaunts. Even when she takes longer strolls, when her strolls are more leisurely (when the days are mild and her room feels stale, a humid inertia), Haya doesn’t notice the big changes in her surroundings. She feels as if she has been sitting for sixty years in a shrinking room, a room whose walls are moving slowly inward to meet at a miniature surface, a line, at the apex of which she sits, crushed. She cannot see, nor is she watching. She has wax plugs in her ears. She does not hear. Görz, Gorizia, are memories. She isn’t certain whose memories they are. Hers or her family’s. Maybe they are fresh memories. When she goes out she squints at the sun, picks daisies, sits at the Joy Café and smokes. She has not let herself go. She does not wear black. She is not forever rocking back and forth. All is as it should be. She has a television. She has little memories, darting memories, fragmented. She sways on the threads of the past. On the threads of history. She swings on a spider’s web. She is very light. Around her, in her, now is quiet. Gorizia has a history, she has a history. The days are so old.

Sometimes she dreams

she is dragging her mother in a plastic sack. she is dragging her by the legs. she wants to hide her. one of her mother’s legs snaps off. her mother is dead, but she says, hide that leg, bury it near the stationery shop at the intersection of seminario and ascoli; take the rest to rose valley, that is what she says

Her grandfather, grandmother and mother are born as subjects of the Habsburg Monarchy to which their ancestors came long before, from Spain, she thinks. She is born in Italy. They speak German, Italian and Slovenian, mostly Italian. Grandmother Marisa was a Slovene, as was her great-grandmother, Marija. Both died young. Her family did not mix much with others in terms of race and nationality, yet they became mixed. Today all her ancestors are jumbled, impossible to disentangle.

An oft-thumbed family booklet, a guidebook of sorts from 1780 that Haya Tedeschi keeps on the desk by the window with a dozen old volumes and several pamphlets, says that Görz or Goritz is an ancient city on the banks of the River Lizono, situated in Gorizia, in a small province by the name of Friuli, a possession of the House of Austria. Sovereignty over the Gorizia Habsburgs is lost between 1508 and 1509 when the Venetians rule the town, building it into a fortification, only to lose it during the Napoleonic Wars, when it becomes part of the Illyrian provinces. The castle (1780) still dominates Gorizia. In the second half of the eighteenth century, the guidebook says, a synagogue was built there, suggesting the influx of a colourful community. Gorizia lies about thirty kilometres to the north of Aquileia and, according to the guidebook, some seventy kilometres north of Venice. The town of Gorizia is in a wooded area, not far from a road that ran, in Roman times, from Aquileia to Emona. The name of the town appears first in a document dated 28 April, 1001 (“quae sclavonica lingua vocatur Goritia”), with which Emperor Otto III makes a gift of the fort and settlement to Patriarch Giovanni II and Verihen Eppenstein, the Count of Friuli. Today, the guidebook says, Gorizia is an archbishopric with jurisdiction over the bishoprics of Trieste, Trento, Como and Pedena.

Her grandfather Bruno Baar fights in the Austrian Army during World War One. His half-brother Roberto Golombek, a student in Vienna at the time, opens a dentistry office there at Weinberggasse 16 in 1924. Roberto moves to Great Britain in 1939 and gets a job at a sardine factory, so that between 1943 and 1945 the Baar family, while still living at Via Favetti 13 in Gorizia, is supplied, who knows how, with vast quantities of salted sardines, thanks to which they survive the bleakest years of World War Two.

As of May 1915, Italy is no longer neutral. It has not been granted Trentino, the Southern Tyrol and Istria by Austria-Hungary, which it had demanded in return for staying on the sidelines. Rarely does war leave anyone on the sidelines. Hence, affronted, Italy conducts secret talks with the Triple Entente, after which it crosses over and joins them. Invariably there are conflicting sides in any war. The Great War was a conflict between two sides led by the selfsame purpose. To conquer the world. For themselves. For one side. When it enters the war on the side of the Triple Entente, Italy asks again for: Trentino, Trieste, the Slovenian coastline, Istria, a part of Dalmatia and Albania, as well as the right to the Turkish provinces of Adalia and Smyrna, expansion of the colonies in Africa, and so forth. Italy asks for a great deal. What is not granted after World War One, Italy strives to make up for in the next war. Wars are games on a grand scale. Self-indulgent young men move little lead soldiers around on many-coloured maps. They draw in the gains. Then they go to bed. The maps hover in the sky like paper aeroplanes, then settle over cities, fields, mountains and rivers. They cover people, figurines, which the great strategians then shift elsewhere, move here, there, along with their houses and their stupid dreams. The maps of the unbridled military leaders cover what was there, bury the past. When the game is done, the warriors rest. Then historians step up to fashion falsehoods out of the heartless games of those who are never satiated. A new past is written which the new military leaders then draw on to new maps so the game will never end.

Italy joins the Triple Entente. A new front is created – the Italian front. Major battles are fought along the Soča. The Soča flows through Gorica, Gorizia, Görz, Goritz. The Soča, the Isonzo, is a river of a vivid turquoise hue. In its river bed it holds a history which eludes historians. The Soča is a river much like a person. Quiet one moment, raging the next. When it rages, it is mighty. When it is quiet, it sings. The Italians wage four terrible battles in 1915 along the Soča. In the Sixth Battle of the Soča (there are eleven or twelve all told), in 1916, the Italians finally capture Gorizia. They shout Viva! Evviva Italia! The Soča is red. Blinded. The rains tell it, we will heal your wounds. The rains push fiercely into the Soča, like lovers gone wild. The Soča is silent. The muddy and bloodstained waters rise, but the rains do not rinse them clean. On the river bottom roll bones which, like a huge baby’s rattle, disturb its dreams. To this day.

The Soča is a flowing archive of history, a warehouse of wars and love, of legends and myths. It is a coronary artery nourishing the banks. It holds its internal organs in so that they do not spill over. It is a miraculous ray of the cosmos in which endurance shimmers. It is webbed with bridges that summon, like outspread arms, to an embrace. As Ungaretti writes: Questo è l’Isonzo / e qui meglio / mi sono riconosciuto / docile fibre / dell’universo …

In early July 1906, avid hunter Archduke Franz Ferdinand reluctantly sets down his gun and abandons his favourite castle at Konopište. The castle is nestled in a dense pine wood in central Bohemia surrounded by bountiful hunting grounds. It is lined inside with precious leather and mahogany, and furnished with a host of Ferdinand’s hunting trophies. Ferdinand was fondest of hunting bison. On two hunting expeditions to Poland he nearly wiped out the European bison as a species. The castle is in fact a noble and precious animal cemetery. At Konopište the thousands of post-mortem remains of Ferdinand’s victims have been meticulously stuffed and arranged in glass cases. Their heads hang on all the walls, and there are many walls at Konopište; the teeth and tusks, devotedly repaired and polished by local dentists, are displayed on cushions of purple velvet and set out in little cases of lead crystal with decorations carved to fit. In addition to the hunting trophies, the castle at Konopište is overstuffed with furniture that František carts back from his also beloved Villa d’Este. He also keeps his weapons there. He has a cache of all kinds of armour, a total of 4,618 pieces. Aside from his fondness for bison, Ferdinand has a special affection for St George, so he also collects 3,750 little sculptures of the Christian martyr slaying the “dragon”. Archduke Ferdinand is a serious collector. He collects antiques, paintings by naïve “masters”, village furniture, all sorts of big and little utilitarian and useless objects of ceramics, stone and minerals, stained glass, watches and medals.

The castle is surrounded by a spacious, well-tended rose garden visited by guests and horticulture experts. When they see the roses, each of them sighs, aaah. Among the roses stand many Renaissance sculptures.

Thirty-five years later the castle at Konopište caught the eye of high-ranking S.S. officials, who turned it into an S.S. vacation centre. Hitler had most of Ferdinand’s collection transferred to the Wehrmacht Museum in Prague. He also saw to it that the remaining 72,712 exhibits were shipped off to Vienna so that “after the war” he could have them brought to his private museum in Linz, which had not yet been built. Before they moved into Konopište, the Nazis ordered that the castle be painted black inside and out.

So Franz Ferdinand leaves the Konopište hunting grounds for Vienna where he boards the Woheiner Bahn (the Venice–Trieste line) and stops at the railway bridge in the town of Solkan/Salcano. Actually, he stops in a ravine through which the Soča/Isonzo river runs, not far from Gorizia (Nova Gorica today) on the Slovenian–Italian border, which has nearly disappeared in the new, certainly historical, birth of yet another empire – Europe. A brass band is playing, the banners and flags of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy are flying, the black and yellow flag, by then somewhat outdated, the Ausgleich flag – the flag of the Compromise of 1867 – and the merchant marine, red-white-green flag with its two crowns, the banner for war – the Kriegsflagge – which would vanish not even eight years later, in 1915.

It is Thursday. The sky is clear. Now and then a small blackbird wings by, quickly, like a restless eye. From the cool shade under the bridge wafts a breeze with the fragrance of wilting linden blossoms, fresh pine shoots on the branches, the moss and cold water. On flows the Soča, serene and pure, its breathing even and deep.

Most of the people in the crowd are children, because school is out for the summer. The children wave because they are children, they have no feel for history. Precisely ten years later, on this very spot, these same children dig into their trenches, crawl across the mud, then disappear in the Soča, and images of that ceremonial summer day break through the raging rapids of the emerald “holy waters” like fireflies, like a lullaby, like an echo, and slip in under their eyelids whispering “Farewell” in at least five languages. With their dying breath, they call out to their mothers Mutti, mama! Mamma mia, oh mamma! Majko! Anyuka, anyuka! Mamusiu! Maminka! The birds won’t fly. The birds will drop. A black rain of birds will become the Soča death shroud.

Escorted by members of his family, Franz Ferdinand disembarks, shakes hands with the builders, waves to the assembled crowd, smiles, then goes over to the railing of the marvellous white bridge carved from 4,533 stone blocks of Karst limestone and looks at the gleaming river. Rudolf Jaussner, the architect, and Leopold Orley, the engineer, do not hide their pride and exhilaration. Franz Ferdinand looks into the River Soča/Isonzo and has no notion of the number of pledges of love and passionate promises that have been flung into its waters while it rose, angrily overflowing its banks, powerless to prevent incursions into its sky. It took Jaussner and Orley nearly two years to make the miracle happen: the largest arched railway bridge ever raised over a river. Five thousand tons of stone were built into the bridge; the central arch, completed in only eighteen days, has a span of eighty-five metres, unheard of until then.

And so it is that the famed Transalpina railway line is inaugurated: a route that would connect the coastline, actually Trieste, to Austria. The Monarchy needed a direct link to its southernmost provinces. The Monarchy had no wish to travel through alien territory, such as Udine. The Monarchy felt complete until the territories it possessed began to seem inadequate so it wanted more; until it lost what it had already had. Today the old Meridionale line passes through the main Gorizia railway station, built in the second half of the nineteenth century. The trains which stop in Gorizia are half-empty. As if Gorizia is still healing from the wounds of the war. Nova Gorica is left with the Transalpina line. At the border between Nova Gorica and Gorizia there is a museum in which they preserve small, nameless histories. On what used to be a “solid border” slicing Gorizia, cake-like, into two unequal parts, on that “solid border” today there is a square around which everyone is permitted to walk. Beyond the square, in both halves of the sliced city, there still rises a wall of air.

His Highness Franz Ferdinand and the Duchess of Hohenberg, Sophie Chotek, cross Solkan Bridge for the last time on the evening of Tuesday, 23 June, 1914. The husband and wife have boarded the Transalpina in Vienna, bound for Trieste. The windows of their compartment are open. It is June, so the perfume of the linden trees is in the air. Sophie hums the Blue Danube waltz, and Franz says to her, Perhaps one day they will write a song for this little river, too. Sophie says, I don’t think so. This is a small river, unimportant and unknown. Franz says, That may not always be so. Sophie and Franz toast each other’s health with a glass of first-rate, chilled Tokay. They do not know it, but their hearts beat the way the Soča is flowing, just then, at Solkan Bridge.

On Wednesday, 24 June, Franz boards the warship Viribus Unitis. Despite a shiver of fear, he wants to believe that the “united forces” will truly protect his empire. But the nerve of European history has already been flayed. Italy and Austria are ever closer in an embrace of mutual loathing. A new ethics of misunderstanding is born. The “legacy of bitterness” between Austria and Italy mushrooms into one of the most acute instances of European nationalistic intolerance, a sort of negative folie à deux, a hatred embraced by both sides, and its web snares Germany and France, Greece and Turkey, America and Russia, Vietnam and Cambodia, Croatia and Serbia … The white stain of reason.

On a smaller vessel František then sails up the River Neretva to the town of Metković, continues by train to Mostar, and briefly to Ilidža, where Sophie is waiting for him. On Friday and Saturday, 26 and 27 June, the Archduke takes part in a mountain exercise, near Sarajevo, of the 15th and 16th Military Corps, but it is already becoming clear that every attempt to create a new beginning, even Ferdinand’s, will lead to an end, just as every end holds a beginning. As the story goes, after he was hit, the Archduke whispered with relief to his adjutant, God brooks no challenges. A higher power has once again imposed the order I was no longer able to sustain. In July 1914, Franz Ferdinand and Sophie travel aboard the Viribus Unitis, the same Austro-Hungarian warship on which they arrived, but this time in coffins. In September 1914, the Russian Chief of Staff publishes a Map of the Future Europe, which is remarkably like the one drawn up later, in 1945. The bullet with which Princip shot Ferdinand is preserved at Konopište.

It is 25 May, 1915. The last passenger train crosses Solkan Bridge on its way from Vienna to Trieste. Solkan Bridge is battered, bombed, repaired and then hit again by a barrage of fire, and over it roll batteries, columns of soldiers of opposing armies march over it until 1918 – the Austro-Germans and the Italians. Bruno Baar marches, too.

In the bloodiest of all eleven or twelve battles waged along the Soča, the Sixth, fought from 5 August to 17 August, 1916, Italy opens the way through to Trieste. In the embrace of its lavish gardens and palaces, shielded by mountain ranges, with the Vipava and the Soča as a diamond necklace on its bosom, Gorizia, a little Homburg, a treacherous copy of Baden-Baden, would for many years to come fail to draw the Austrian aristocracy as it had once drawn them during the hot summer months.

General Cadorna lines up twenty-two Italian divisions along the Soča on 5 August, 1916. On the other shore, nine divisions of weary and dispirited Austro-Hungarian troops await the order to attack, most of them too young and too old for warfare.

Bruno Baar is forty-nine. He has a pot belly, three children and a wife who bakes cakes for the Austrian soldiers. He has a winery in which he no longer makes wine. He has a collection of the latest seventy-eights, to which he is not able, just then, to listen, so he dreams of them as he marches along the flooding banks of the Soča, humming “La donna è mobile”, because he adores Caruso. Meanwhile, his Marisa, swaying on dented high heels, carries walnut crescents to the brothel for the Austro-Hungarian officers, and imagines that she is Bice Adami bringing the audience in Milan to their feet with her rendition of “Voi lo sapete”, accompanied by the piano. Marisa Baar, née Brašić, does her best to sing soprano, but without success, her voice is coarsened by harsh tobacco. A droplet of summer rain falls on her eyelash, where it lingers, making a miniature crystal ball which reflects her future. Marisa Baar sings “Voi lo sapete” without an inkling that Bice Adami will long outlive her.

Cadorna begins the battle with a diversionary artillery volley on 6 August, 1916. He places two infantry units to the south on the Monfalcone side with two corps each as decoys. Cadorna’s ruse does not work. The Austrian units do not budge. As it was, Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf had already cut back the number of troops along the Soča front in order to bolster his offensive near Trentino. Hence Cadorna swiftly deploys his troops from Trentino by train (on the Transalpina line) to the Soča. Fierce fighting, dangerously out of control, begins two days later in Oslavia and on Podgora Mountain, when Cadorna captures the peak of Mount Sabatino. Units of the 12th Italian Division march into Gorizia on 8 August. The Italian Army crosses the Soča the next day under a barrage of fire. Holding their guns high over their heads as if they were carrying children, as if they were greeting the sky, the soldiers plunge into the river singing the Garibaldi hymn:

Si scopron le tombe, si levano i morti

i martiri nostri son tutti risorti!

Le spade nel pugno, gli allori alle chiome,

la fiamma ed il nome d’Italia nel cor:

corriamo, corriamo! Sù, giovani schiere,

sù al vento per tutte le nostre bandiere.

Sù tutti col ferro, sù tutti col foco,

sù tutti col nome d’Italia nel cor.

Va’ fuori d’Italia,

va’ fuori ch’è l’ora!

Va’ fuori d’Italia,

va’ fuori o stranier!



Later people will sing other songs. Mostly women will sing, and mostly they will sing a song with the refrain, “O, Gorizia, tu sei maledetta”.



Austrian shrapnel whistles, churning the drunken Soča into a pool of green-blue foam. Then a terrible silence settles in, pierced by the sun’s sharp rays, and a vast crimson veil dances on the Soča, wet and sticky and thick. The army bugles sound the signal to charge and the grey uniforms line up in a protective firewall. This living wall, resembling insects with their wings plucked, howls Avanti Savoia! The stone bridge over the Soča has been hit the day before. Engineers ready the railway bridge over which the railway line runs from Milan and Udine to Gorizia and Trieste. The Italian fighting batteries, now in tatters and gashes, gallop over to the other side, firing at the Austrians, who fall back. Following the soldiers under a forest of spears are the Carabinieri, the Alpini, the Bersaglieri, the infantry and the cavalry. As far as one side is concerned, Gorizia is taken. For the others, Gorizia has fallen.

Bruno Baar scrambles up a hill and watches the battle, hidden behind the scratchy trunk of a hundred-year-old pine tree on which someone has carved a heart. They seem to him like idle children who have chosen to split into two camps separated by a slender thread. As if on both sides of the thread these children are lying flat on their stomachs, puffing, and the thread rises into the air, twists into a snake and falls like a waft to the ground. That thread is the border, Bruno Baar says. It will always twist and turn. Then he says, I’ll go and turn myself in.

Twenty thousand Italian soldiers are killed at the Sixth Battle of the Soča and 31,000 of them disappear or are captured. The Italians take 19,000 soldiers of the Austro-Hungarian Army prisoner. They capture sixty-seven pieces of artillery weaponry and a heap of mines and machine guns. The Austrian losses come to 71,000 men, some of whom are killed, some missing in action and some taken prisoner. The tally of casualties for all twelve battles along the Soča for the Italians is 1,205,000, and for the Austrians, 1,291,000.

The losses of the Kingdom of Italy on the Austro-Hungarian front in World War One are: 650,000 killed, 947,000 wounded, 600,000 taken prisoner or missing in action; 2,197,000 victims in total.

The losses for the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy on the Italia